Ukuxhoma kunye nokuphakamisa zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yobunjineli bale mihla. Ukuqulunqwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigangatho yokwakha kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko lokusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nomgangatho weprojekthi. Eli nqaku lichaza ngokucwangcisiweyo inkqubo esemgangathweni yokurhweba kunye nokuphakamisa ukwakhiwa ukusuka kwiimbono ezine: iinkcukacha zobugcisa, iinkqubo zokusebenza, iimfuno zokhuseleko, kunye nokulawula ulawulo. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuboneleleni ngesikhokelo sobuchule kwishishini lokuziqhelanisa.
I. IiNgcaciso zobuGcisa kunye neMigangatho
Iimpawu zobugcisa bokukhwabanisa kunye nokuphakamisa zisisiseko esisisiseko semigangatho yokwakha. Ngokweemfuno ze-International Crane Manufacturers Association (IMCA) kunye nelizwe lam "iMimiselo yoKhuseleko yokuPhakamisa oomatshini" (GB 6067.1 - 2010), ukhetho lokurhweba kufuneka luhambelane ngokungqongqo ubunzima, imilo, kunye nendawo yokusebenza yomthwalo ophakanyiswayo. Amandla okuqhawuka kwezilingi zeentambo kufuneka angabi ngaphantsi kobunzima obuphindwe kathandathu kunobunzima bomthwalo, kwaye ukhuseleko lwezilingi zefayibha zokwenziwa kufuneka zingabi ngaphantsi kwesixhenxe. Amacandelo okuqhagamshela amakhonkco anjengamakhonkco namakhamandela kufuneka abe namanqaku omthwalo aphawulwe ngokucacileyo kwaye avavanywe rhoqo angonakalisi.
Ngokumalunga noqwalaselo lokurhwasha, i-engile ye-multi{0}}izilingi zomlenze kufuneka ilawulwe ngaphakathi kwe-90℃, kunye nobuninzi obungekho ngaphezu kwe-120 degree. Kwimithwalo engaqhelekanga, i-center of gravity kufuneka ibalwe kwaye izixhobo ezincedisayo zokulinganisa kufuneka zifakwe. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo zokusebenza (ezifana nokushisa okuphezulu kunye neendawo ezinobungozi), izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokukhwabanisa ezihambelana ne-ASTM A975 okanye i-DNVGL{6}}i-OS{7}} imigangatho ye-E303 kufuneka isetyenziswe. Onke amacandelo okuqhekezwa kufuneka akhatshwe ngamaxwebhu esiqinisekiso somgangatho womvelisi wokuqala kwaye amakishwe ngeenombolo ezizodwa zokulandeleka.
II. IiNkqubo zokuSebenza ezisemgangathweni
Iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni ngamanqaku aphambili olawulo lokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lolwakhiwo. Phambi kokusebenza, inkqubo "yokutshekisha kathathu kunye nokuhlolwa okuthathu" kufuneka kwenziwe: jonga ukuvaleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo (umnqamlezo -ukunxiba kwecandelo elidlula i-10% yedayamitha eyi-original ithathwa njengelahliwe), qinisekisa ukubalwa kwesicwangciso sokuphakamisa, kwaye uqinisekise umthamo wokuthwala isiseko (esifuneka ngokubanzi ukuba sibe Khulu okanye silingane ne-150 kPa). Abalawuli abaphakamisayo kufuneka babambe isatifikethi somqhubi wesixhobo esikhethekileyo (iKlasi ye-Q1/Q2) kwaye basebenzise imiqondiso yezandla eqhelekileyo okanye inkqubo evakalayo nebonakalayo echazwe kwi-ISO 7731.
Inkqubo yokuphakamisa kufuneka ilandele umgaqo "wokuqala kancinci, ukunyusa okuzinzile, kunye nokubeka ngokuzinzileyo." Umthwalo kufuneka ugcinwe ngaphakathi kobude be-0.3-0.5 yeemitha ngaphezu komhlaba ukwenzela ukujonga ukuzinza. Xa ii-cranes ezininzi zisetyenziselwa umsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo, inkqubo yokulawula ehambelanayo kufuneka ifakwe, iqinisekise ukuba ukuphambuka kokuhanjiswa komthwalo phakathi kwee-cranes akudluli kwi-8% yomthamo olinganisiweyo. Nje ukuba umthwalo ubekwe endaweni, ubuncinci izixhobo ezibini zokuthintela ezisebenzayo kufuneka zihlale zimi endaweni ngaphambi kokuba zikhulule. Ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kufuneka kugcinwe kulo lonke ixesha lokusebenza, kwaye imisebenzi kufuneka inqunyanyiswe ngoko nangoko ukuba isantya somoya singaphezulu kwenqanaba lesi-6 (10.8 m/s).
III. Inkqubo yoLawulo loKhuseleko
Imigangatho yokhuseleko iyona nto iphambili ekukhutsheni nasekuphakamiseni imisebenzi. Ngokutsho kwe-OSHA 1926.1400 kunye nelizwe lam "IiNkcazo zezoBugcisa zoKhuseleko lokuSebenza koMde ekwakhiweni" (JGJ 80 - 2016), indawo yokusebenza kufuneka ikhuselwe ngomjikelezo ophindwe kabini (ucingo olunzima + iteyipu yokulumkisa), kwaye akukho basebenzi abangagunyaziswanga abavunyelwe ukuba bahlale ngaphakathi kwendawo eyingozi. Izixhobo zokukhusela zomntu (i-PPE) kufuneka zibandakanye umbambeli wokuwa, umnqwazi oqinileyo (umthamo wokufunxa impembelelo Omkhulu kuno okanye ulingana ne-200J), kunye neeglavu ezinqambileyo (EN388 level 4 okanye ngaphezulu).
Ukulungiswa kwezixhobo kusebenzisa inkqubo yokuhlola ezigaba ezintathu: yonke imihla, ngeveki, nangenyanga. Uhlolo lujolise ekujongeni iingcingo ezaphukileyo (umnqamlezo -intambo zocingo kufuneka zicinywe ukuba inani leentambo ezaphukileyo ngaphakathi kobude be-lay lifikelela kwi-10% yenani leengcingo ezipheleleyo), ukuguqulwa kwezihlanganisi (amatyathanga ane-ovality edlula i-10% awavumelekanga), kunye nokuthembeka kwe-brake system (i-brake reliability edlula i-20% yokuhlolwa kwe-torque). Izicwangciso ezingxamisekileyo kufuneka zibandakanye imimandla ye-buffer yokulahlekelwa ngumthwalo (i-buffer material compressive amandla amakhulu okanye alingana ne-20 MPa) kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lokuqala kumaxhoba (ixesha lokuhlangula legolide lilinganiselwe kwimizuzu ye-5).
IV. Ulawulo loMgangatho kunye nokuLawula
Indlela yokulawula esebenzayo iqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kwemigangatho. Iinkampani zokwakha kufuneka ziseke inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho we-ISO 9001 kwaye zigcine iirekhodi ezipheleleyo zomjikelo wobomi (kuquka iirekhodi zokuthengwa kwempahla nezamkelo, iingxelo zokuhlolwa kwamaxesha athile, kunye nembali yogcino). Iqela lesithathu -ii-arhente zokuhlola kufuneka zenze uhlolo lwemagnethi okanye uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic kwi{4}}ukusebenzisa ukuriga rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ngokuhambelana ne-GB/T 20118-2017, kunye nobuncinci be-100% yokuhlola.
Iiyunithi zokubeka iliso kufuneka zigxininise ekuphononongeni izibalo zomthwalo kwisicwangciso sokwakha (esisayinwe saza saqinisekiswa yinjineli yesakhiwo esibhalisiweyo), iirekhodi ezikhethekileyo zokhuseleko lobugcisa (ezisayinwe ngokupheleleyo ngabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba), kunye neelog zomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla. Kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zokuphakamisa ezidlula iitoni ze-100, iintlanganiso zokuphononongwa kweengcali kufuneka zibanjwe ukuze zixubushe izisombululo zonyango lwesiseko, ingqiqo yokukhethwa kwe-rigging, kunye nokuzaliswa kwamanyathelo angxamisekileyo. Ii-arhente ezilawulayo zikarhulumente kufuneka zisebenzise iteknoloji ye-IoT ukulawula izixhobo zokurhwaphiliza ezinethegi zeRFID ngexesha lokwenyani{3}}lokubeka iliso kwimeko yesixhobo.
Ukuphunyezwa okungqongqo kokurhwaphiliza kunye nokuphakamisa imigangatho yokwakha ngundoqo wembombo wokhuseleko lolwakhiwo. Ngokucokisa iinkcukacha zobugcisa, ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo zokusebenza, ukuphumeza ngokucwangcisekileyo ulawulo lokhuseleko, nokulawula ngobukrelekrele umgangatho, iingozi zokusebenza zinokuncitshiswa kakhulu kwaye ukuthembeka kolwakhiwo kuphuculwe. Bonke abadlali beshishini kufuneka baqhubeke bebeka esweni uhlaziyo lwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe (efana ne-ISO 4309: 2017, "Izikhokelo ze-Crane Wire Rope Care kunye noLondolozo") kwaye babandakanye ubugcisa bedijithali (obufana nokuphakamisa ukulinganisa kwe-BIM kunye nokujongwa kwenzwa ekrelekrele) ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwendalo olukhuselekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yokuphakamisa. Kuphela kukuguqulelwa kweemfuno ezisemgangathweni kwisenzo sabo bonke abasebenzi apho injongo yokugqibela "yengozi zero" inokufezekiswa.
